100 IMPORTANT POINTS COMPUTER

100 Important Notes on Computers

1. Definition of a Computer: An electronic device that processes input data to produce output based on programmed instructions.
2. Basic Components: Comprises hardware (physical parts) and software (programs and operating systems).
3. CPU: Central Processing Unit, the "brain" that executes program instructions.
4. RAM: Random Access Memory, temporary storage for data actively used by the CPU.
5. ROM: Read-Only Memory, stores permanent instructions like firmware.
6. Storage Types: Primary (RAM, ROM) is fast and temporary; secondary (HDD, SSD) is slower and permanent.
7. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Stores data magnetically on spinning disks.
8. Solid State Drive (SSD): Uses flash memory, faster than HDD, no moving parts.
9. Motherboard: Main circuit board connecting all computer components.
10. Operating System (OS): Manages hardware and software resources (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS).
11. Binary System: Uses 0s and 1s to represent data.
12. Bits and Bytes: A bit is a single 0 or 1; a byte equals 8 bits.
13. Input Devices: Keyboards, mice, and scanners send data to the computer.
14. Output Devices: Monitors, printers, and speakers display or produce results.
15. GPU: Graphics Processing Unit handles visual output and graphics computations.
16. Software Types: System software (OS, drivers) and application software (games, editors).
17. Programming Languages: Python, Java, C++ used to create software.
18. Algorithm: Step-by-step procedure to solve problems or perform tasks.
19. Data Structures: Organize data (e.g., arrays, lists, trees) for efficient processing.
20. Cache Memory: Fast memory near the CPU for frequently accessed data.
21. OS Functions: Manages processes, memory, files, and peripherals.
22. File System: Organizes data on drives (e.g., NTFS, FAT32, ext4).
23. Cloud Computing: Delivers computing services over the internet.
24. Internet: Global network using protocols like TCP/IP.
25. IP Address: Unique identifier for devices on a network (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
26. DNS: Domain Name System translates domain names to IP addresses.
27. LAN: Local Area Network connects devices in a small area.
28. WAN: Wide Area Network spans large distances, like the internet.
29. Router: Directs data traffic between networks.
30. Firewall: Monitors and controls network traffic for security.
31. Malware: Malicious software like viruses, worms, or ransomware.
32. Antivirus Software: Detects and removes malware threats.
33. Encryption: Secures data by converting it into an unreadable format.
34. Database: Organized data collection, accessed electronically.
35. SQL: Structured Query Language for database management.
36. Virtual Machine: Emulates a physical computer via software.
37. Compiler: Converts high-level code to machine code.
38. Interpreter: Executes code line-by-line without compilation.
39. API: Application Programming Interface enables software communication.
40. GUI: Graphical User Interface uses visuals for interaction.
41. CLI: Command Line Interface uses text-based commands.
42. Multitasking: OS runs multiple programs simultaneously.
43. Multithreading: Multiple threads run within a single process.
44. Cache Coherence: Ensures data consistency across caches.
45. Virtual Memory: Uses storage to simulate additional RAM.
46. BIOS: Basic Input/Output System initializes hardware at startup.
47. UEFI: Modern replacement for BIOS, extensible firmware interface.
48. Overclocking: Boosts CPU/GPU speed beyond factory settings.
49. Heat Sink: Dissipates heat from components to prevent overheating.
50. Kernel: Core of the OS, managing system resources.
51. Process: A program in execution, managed by the OS.
52. Thread: Subunit of a process for parallel execution.
53. Deadlock: Processes block each other, halting progress.
54. Interrupt: Signal to CPU to prioritize a task.
55. Clock Speed: CPU instruction execution frequency (e.g., 3.5 GHz).
56. Moore’s Law: Transistor count doubles roughly every two years.
57. Quantum Computing: Uses quantum mechanics for advanced computation.
58. ASCII: Encodes characters as numbers for data exchange.
59. Unicode: Standard for encoding text across languages.
60. Bus: Transfers data between computer components.
61. Bandwidth: Maximum data transfer rate of a connection.
62. Latency: Time delay in data transmission or processing.
63. Packet: Unit of data sent over a network.
64. Protocol: Rules for data exchange (e.g., HTTP, FTP).
65. HTML: Structures content on the web.
66. CSS: Controls visual appearance of web pages.
67. JavaScript: Enables interactive web content.
68. URL: Specifies the address of a web resource.
69. HTTP: Governs web data communication.
70. HTTPS: Secure HTTP using SSL/TLS encryption.
71. VPN: Secures connections by masking IP addresses.
72. Phishing: Cyberattack tricking users for sensitive data.
73. Two-Factor Authentication: Uses two verification methods for security.
74. Backup: Copies data to prevent loss.
75. Cloud Storage: Stores data on remote servers via the internet.
76. Big Data: Large datasets requiring advanced processing.
77. Machine Learning: AI subset where systems learn from data.
78. Artificial Intelligence: Simulates human intelligence for tasks.
79. Neural Network: Computing model for machine learning, inspired by the brain.
80. IoT: Connects devices to the internet for data exchange.
82. Blockchain: Decentralized ledger for secure transactions.
83. Cryptocurrency: Digital currency using cryptography (e.g., Bitcoin).
84. Augmented Reality (AR): Overlays digital info on the real world.
85. Virtual Reality (VR): Immersive virtual environment simulation.
86. Driver: Software enabling OS-hardware communication.
87. Firmware: Embedded software in hardware devices.
88. Overheating: Excessive heat can damage components.
89. UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply for backup power.
90. RAID: Enhances storage reliability and performance.
91. Parallel Processing: Divides tasks across processors for speed.
92. Distributed Computing: Multiple computers solve problems together.
93. Debugging: Identifying and fixing code errors.
94. Version Control: Manages code/file changes (e.g., Git).
95. Open Source Software: Freely accessible source code (e.g., Linux).
96. Proprietary Software: Restricted source code (e.g., Microsoft Office).
97. Cybersecurity: Protects systems from digital threats.
98. Data Compression: Reduces file size for storage/transmission.
99. Resolution: Number of pixels in a display (e.g., 1920x1080).
100. Refresh Rate: Frequency of display image updates (e.g., 60Hz).

Posted on June 9, 2025