### **Foundational Principles and Vision (1-20)**
1. **Vision**: Transform India into a global knowledge superpower by 2030.
2. **Holistic Development**: Emphasizes cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
3. **Equity and Inclusion**: Ensures education access for all, including disadvantaged groups.
4. **Flexibility**: Promotes learner-centric, flexible, and multidisciplinary education.
5. **Conceptual Understanding**: Focuses on critical thinking over rote learning.
6. **Five Pillars**: Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability, Accountability.
7. **21st-Century Skills**: Prioritizes problem-solving, creativity, and ethical values.
8. **Multilingualism**: Encourages teaching in mother tongue/regional language up to Grade 5.
9. **Cultural Roots**: Integrates Indian knowledge systems and values.
10. **Technology Integration**: Leverages digital tools for enhanced learning.
11. **Universal Access**: Aims for 100% school education access from preschool to secondary.
12. **Sustainable Development**: Aligns with UN’s 2030 Agenda for SDG 4 (Quality Education).
13. **Inquiry-Driven Learning**: Promotes discovery-oriented and discussion-based pedagogy.
14. **Value-Based Education**: Fosters empathy, honesty, and respect in students.
15. **Gender Inclusion**: Establishes Gender Inclusion Fund for female and transgender education.
16. **Special Education Zones**: Targets disadvantaged regions for focused interventions.
17. **Continuous Assessment**: Shifts from summative to formative evaluation.
18. **Teacher Empowerment**: Emphasizes teacher training and professional development.
19. **Research Culture**: Encourages innovation through National Research Foundation.
20. **Global Outlook**: Aims to internationalize education with foreign university campuses.
### **School Education Reforms (21-100)**
#### **Curriculum and Pedagogy (21-50)**
21. **New Structure**: Replaces 10+2 with 5+3+3+4 (Foundational, Preparatory, Middle, Secondary).
22. **Foundational Stage (Ages 3-8)**: 3 years of pre-primary + Grades 1-2.
23. **Preparatory Stage (Ages 8-11)**: Grades 3-5, focusing on foundational literacy/numeracy.
24. **Middle Stage (Ages 11-14)**: Grades 6-8, introducing subject-based learning.
25. **Secondary Stage (Ages 14-18)**: Grades 9-12, multidisciplinary with subject choice.
26. **ECCE (Early Childhood Care and Education)**: Universal access for ages 3-6.
27. **National Mission**: Focus on foundational literacy and numeracy by Grade 3.
28. **Reduced Curriculum**: Core concepts prioritized over extensive syllabi.
29. **Experiential Learning**: Includes hands-on, arts-integrated, and sports-integrated education.
30. **Storytelling Pedagogy**: Enhances imagination and vocabulary.
31. **Multilingual Teaching**: Promotes regional languages alongside English/Hindi.
32. **Vocational Exposure**: Introduces vocational education from Grade 6.
33. **Coding Skills**: Integrates coding in middle school curricula.
34. **Flexible Subject Choice**: Allows students to pick subjects across streams (e.g., Physics with Music).
35. **Holistic Report Card**: Assesses cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills.
36. **360-Degree Assessment**: Includes self, peer, and teacher evaluations.
37. **Local Context**: Curriculum respects diversity and local culture.
38. **Environmental Linkage**: Connects learning to home and community.
39. **Critical Thinking**: Focuses on analysis and problem-solving skills.
40. **No Stream Barriers**: Blurs lines between arts, science, and commerce.
41. **Value Integration**: Embeds ethics across subjects like sports, arts.
42. **Digital Platforms**: Uses technology for interactive learning.
43. **PARAKH**: National Assessment Centre for holistic evaluation.
44. **State Census Exams**: Conducted in Grades 3, 5, and 8.
45. **Board Exam Reforms**: Tests core competencies, not rote memorization.
46. **Semester-Based Exams**: School exams held twice yearly.
47. **Reduced Exam Stress**: Focus on continuous evaluation.
48. **Activity-Based Learning**: Promotes multi-level, engaging methods.
49. **Community Involvement**: Uses community as a learning resource.
50. **Art Integration**: Encourages arts in pedagogy for creative expression.
#### **Teacher Training and Support (51-70)**
51. **50 Hours CPD**: Teachers require 50 hours of continuous professional development annually.
52. **4-Year B.Ed**: Minimum qualification for teachers by 2030.
53. **Teacher Training Board**: Standardizes teacher education nationwide.
54. **Multidisciplinary Training**: Prepares teachers for integrated curricula.
55. **Technology Training**: Equips teachers for digital education tools.
56. **National Curriculum Framework**: Developed by NCTE by 2021.
57. **Professional Standards**: National standards for teachers by 2022.
58. **Transparent Recruitment**: Strengthens teacher hiring processes.
59. **In-Service Training**: Regular workshops and online courses.
60. **Motivation Focus**: Aims to elevate teacher status and morale.
61. **Facilitator Role**: Teachers act as guides, not just instructors.
62. **Dual-Degree Programs**: Encourages secondary specializations for teachers.
63. **University Integration**: Moves teacher education to multidisciplinary universities.
64. **Practical Training**: Emphasizes hands-on teaching practice.
65. **Value-Based Training**: Integrates ethics in teacher programs.
66. **Continuous Learning**: Teachers updated on modern methodologies.
67. **Digital Literacy**: Trains teachers for tech-enabled classrooms.
68. **Mentoring System**: Supports teacher capacity building.
69. **Inclusive Education**: Prepares teachers for diverse classrooms.
70. **Research Skills**: Encourages teachers to engage in educational research.
#### **Access and Equity (71-100)**
71. **Universal Access**: Ensures education for all by 2030.
72. **Gender Inclusion Fund**: Supports education for girls and transgender students.
73. **Special Education Zones**: Targets socio-economically disadvantaged areas.
74. **No Language Imposition**: Students choose their medium of instruction.
75. **Regional Language Focus**: Teaching in mother tongue up to Grade 5.
76. **Inclusive Classrooms**: Accommodates diverse learning needs.
77. **SARTHAQ**: Implementation plan for school education reforms.
78. **Free Education**: Aims for free and compulsory education up to age 14.
79. **Skill India**: Integrates vocational skills for employability.
80. **Disability Support**: Focuses on inclusive education for differently-abled.
81. **Rural Education**: Improves access in underserved areas.
82. **Digital Access**: Expands education to remote areas via technology.
83. **Dropout Reduction**: Strategies to retain students in schools.
84. **Scholarships**: Supports disadvantaged groups financially.
85. **Community Engagement**: Involves parents and locals in education.
86. **Safe Learning Spaces**: Promotes supportive school environments.
87. **Health and Nutrition**: Integrates wellness in school programs.
88. **Anganwadi Inclusion**: Strengthens pre-school education systems.
89. **Flexible Learning Paths**: Accommodates diverse student needs.
90. **Social Awareness**: Promotes values like empathy and respect.
91. **Minority Inclusion**: Addresses needs of marginalized communities.
92. **Gender Sensitization**: Encourages equality in education.
93. **Infrastructure Upgrades**: Improves school facilities for inclusivity.
94. **Teacher Support**: Ensures resources for effective teaching.
95. **Parental Training**: Programs for parents to teach ages 0-3.
96. **Early Intervention**: Focuses on developmental needs in ECCE.
97. **Multilingual Resources**: Develops materials in regional languages.
98. **Digital Divide**: Addresses tech access gaps in rural areas.
99. **Life Skills**: Integrates practical skills in curricula.
100. **Student-Centric**: Prioritizes individual student growth.
### **Higher Education Reforms (101-160)**
#### **Structure and Flexibility (101-130)**
101. **50% GER**: Targets 50% Gross Enrolment Ratio by 2035.
102. **3.5 Crore Seats**: Adds new seats in higher education institutions.
103. **Multidisciplinary Education**: Promotes broad-based learning.
104. **Flexible Curricula**: Allows creative subject combinations.
105. **Multiple Entry/Exit**: Certificate (1 year), Diploma (2 years), Degree (3/4 years).
106. **Academic Bank of Credit**: Stores credits for flexible degree completion.
107. **4-Year UG Program**: Includes research-focused Bachelor’s degree.
108. **MPhil Discontinued**: Replaced by 4-year UG with research.
109. **Vocational Integration**: Embeds skills training in UG programs.
110. **Common Entrance Exams**: Conducted by National Testing Agency.
111. **HECI**: Higher Education Commission of India as a single regulator.
112. **NETF**: National Educational Technology Forum for tech integration.
113. **Autonomy for Colleges**: Phased-out affiliation system for independence.
114. **Research Focus**: National Research Foundation to boost innovation.
115. **Internationalization**: Allows foreign universities to set up campuses.
116. **IITs Abroad**: Permits IITs to establish overseas campuses.
117. **Credit Transfer**: Enables mobility across institutions.
118. **Interdisciplinary Studies**: Encourages arts-science combinations.
119. **Exit Options**: Ensures no year wasted with certifications.
120. **Holistic UG Education**: Integrates vocational and academic streams.
121. **Research Ecosystem**: Promotes industry-academia collaboration.
122. **Flexible Pace**: Students choose learning speed and mode.
123. **Digital Platforms**: Enhances access to higher education.
124. **Skill Development**: Focuses on employability skills.
125. **Global Talent**: Aims to attract international students.
126. **Student-Centric**: Prioritizes learner interests and aspirations.
127. **Quality Standards**: Ensures accountability in institutions.
128. **Accreditation Reform**: NAAC becomes autonomous from UGC.
129. **Research Funding**: Increases investment in academic research.
130. **Innovation Focus**: Encourages creativity in higher education.
#### **Governance and Regulation (131-160)**
131. **HECI Verticals**: Regulation, accreditation, funding, and standards.
132. **Single Regulator**: Merges UGC and AICTE for streamlined governance.
133. **Institutional Autonomy**: Encourages colleges to self-regulate.
134. **Transparent Systems**: Ensures accountability in HEIs.
135. **National Research Foundation**: Apex body for research capacity.
136. **NETF Role**: Facilitates tech-driven learning solutions.
137. **Standardized Grading**: Uniform rules for all universities.
138. **Autonomous Colleges**: Based on ratings, colleges gain autonomy.
139. **Funding Allocation**: Tied to institutional performance.
140. **Global Collaboration**: Promotes research and student exchanges.
141. **Indian Knowledge Systems**: Strengthens Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit studies.
142. **IITI**: Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation established.
143. **Decentralized Decisions**: Empowers institutions for flexibility.
144. **Quality Assurance**: Regular audits for educational standards.
145. **Teacher Training**: Extends CPD to college educators.
146. **Research Culture**: Encourages innovation across disciplines.
147. **Public-Private Parity**: Uniform rules for all universities.
148. **Technology Integration**: Enhances administrative efficiency.
149. **Student Mobility**: Credit system supports seamless transitions.
150. **Vishwa Guru Goal**: Positions India as a global education hub.
151. **Regulatory Ease**: Reduces periodic inspections for HEIs.
152. **Self-Assessment**: Institutions adopt voluntary declarations.
153. **Industry Linkages**: Promotes practical, job-oriented education.
154. **Global Standards**: Aligns with international education norms.
155. **Diversity in Learning**: Encourages varied academic pathways.
156. **Faculty Development**: Continuous training for college teachers.
157. **Research Incentives**: Funds innovative projects in HEIs.
158. **Digital Credentials**: Stores academic records securely.
159. **Inclusive Higher Education**: Supports marginalized groups.
160. **Sustainability Focus**: Aligns with global development goals.
### **Implementation and Challenges (161-200)**
161. **Kasturirangan Committee**: Drafted NEP 2020, submitted in 2019.
162. **Union Cabinet Approval**: Approved on July 29, 2020.
163. **Replaces NPE 1986**: First major education policy in 34 years.
164. **Ministry Renamed**: MHRD became Ministry of Education.
165. **Draft Feedback**: Included inputs from states and stakeholders.
166. **6% GDP Investment**: Proposed for education sector growth.
167. **Resource Constraints**: Limited funding challenges implementation.
168. **Infrastructure Gaps**: Rural areas need better facilities.
169. **Teacher Shortages**: Requires more trained educators.
170. **Digital Divide**: Unequal access to technology in rural areas.
171. **Implementation Plan**: SARTHAQ guides school education reforms.
172. **NIPUN Bharat**: Launched in 2021 for foundational literacy.
173. **Stakeholder Criticism**: Concerns over commercialization.
174. **Hindi Controversy**: Protests over language imposition in south India.
175. **MPhil Removal**: Criticized for limiting Ph.D. entry options.
176. **NTA Skepticism**: Questions on autonomy in university admissions.
177. **Public Consultation**: Draft NEP 2019 shared on MyGov portal.
178. **Multilingual Draft**: Translated into 22 languages for feedback.
179. **State Autonomy**: Education remains a Concurrent List subject.
180. **Teacher Resistance**: Concerns over rapid policy changes.
181. **Vocational Challenges**: Needs industry alignment for success.
182. **Rural Outreach**: Requires robust digital infrastructure.
183. **Funding Allocation**: Balancing competing government priorities.
184. **Teacher Motivation**: Addressing low morale in teaching.
185. **Technology Training**: Upskilling teachers for digital tools.
186. **Assessment Shift**: Moving to competency-based evaluation.
187. **Curriculum Overhaul**: Time-intensive to redesign syllabi.
188. **Parental Awareness**: Educating parents on new system.
189. **Student Adaptation**: Adjusting to flexible subject choices.
190. **Monitoring Mechanism**: Needs robust oversight for quality.
191. **Private Sector Role**: Balances public-private partnerships.
192. **Global Competition**: Aligning with international standards.
193. **Cultural Integration**: Balancing Indian and global values.
194. **Policy Awareness**: Requires widespread dissemination.
195. **Teacher Workload**: Managing increased training demands.
196. **Evaluation Tools**: Developing new assessment frameworks.
197. **Research Gaps**: Limited current research infrastructure.
198. **Social Equity**: Addressing caste-based discrimination in education.
199. **Long-Term Vision**: Aims for systemic change by 2035.
What is the primary goal of NEP 2020?
a) Promote military education
b) Make India a global knowledge superpower
c) Focus only on technical skills
d) Reduce school years
Answer: b) Make India a global knowledge superpower
Explanation: NEP 2020 aims to transform India into a global education hub by 2030.What is the new school structure under NEP 2020?
a) 10+2
b) 5+3+3+4
c) 6+3+3
d) 4+4+4
Answer: b) 5+3+3+4
Explanation: Replaces 10+2 with Foundational, Preparatory, Middle, and Secondary stages.Which age group does the Foundational Stage cover?
a) 6-14 years
b) 3-8 years
c) 8-11 years
d) 11-14 years
Answer: b) 3-8 years
Explanation: Includes 3 years of pre-primary and Grades 1-2.By which grade does NEP target foundational literacy and numeracy?
a) Grade 5
b) Grade 3
c) Grade 8
d) Grade 10
Answer: b) Grade 3
Explanation: NIPUN Bharat ensures literacy and numeracy by Grade 3.What is the minimum teacher qualification by 2030?
a) 2-year B.Ed
b) 4-year integrated B.Ed
c) Diploma in Education
d) No qualification required
Answer: b) 4-year integrated B.Ed
Explanation: NEP mandates a 4-year B.Ed for teachers.How many hours of annual CPD are required for teachers?
a) 20 hours
b) 50 hours
c) 100 hours
d) 10 hours
Answer: b) 50 hours
Explanation: Teachers must complete 50 hours of Continuous Professional Development yearly.What does PARAKH stand for in NEP 2020?
a) Teacher Training Board
b) National Assessment Centre
c) Funding Agency
d) Digital Learning Platform
Answer: b) National Assessment Centre
Explanation: PARAKH standardizes holistic student assessments.What is the target GER for higher education by 2035?
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 100%
Answer: b) 50%
Explanation: NEP aims for 50% Gross Enrolment Ratio by 2035.Which body replaces UGC and AICTE under NEP 2020?
a) NCTE
b) HECI
c) NRF
d) NETF
Answer: b) HECI
Explanation: Higher Education Commission of India is the single regulator.What does the 5+3+3+4 structure replace?
a) 12+2 system
b) 10+2 system
c) 6+3+3 system
d) 5+5+2 system
Answer: b) 10+2 system
Explanation: NEP introduces a new pedagogical structure.What is the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC)?
a) A scholarship program
b) A system to store academic credits
c) A teacher training tool
d) A funding scheme
Answer: b) A system to store academic credits
Explanation: ABC allows flexible degree completion via credit transfers.What is the focus of the Preparatory Stage?
a) Vocational skills
b) Foundational literacy and numeracy
c) Research skills
d) Board exam prep
Answer: b) Foundational literacy and numeracy
Explanation: Grades 3-5 build core skills.When was NEP 2020 approved by the Union Cabinet?
a) July 29, 2019
b) July 29, 2020
c) August 15, 2020
d) January 26, 2021
Answer: b) July 29, 2020
Explanation: Approved in 2020, replacing NPE 1986.What is the recommended medium of instruction up to Grade 5?
a) English only
b) Hindi only
c) Mother tongue/regional language
d) Sanskrit only
Answer: c) Mother tongue/regional language
Explanation: Promotes multilingualism for better learning.What does the National Research Foundation (NRF) do?
a) Regulates universities
b) Funds research and innovation
c) Conducts exams
d) Trains teachers
Answer: b) Funds research and innovation
Explanation: NRF boosts research across disciplines.What is the Gender Inclusion Fund for?
a) Teacher salaries
b) Education for girls and transgender students
c) Digital platforms
d) School infrastructure
Answer: b) Education for girls and transgender students
Explanation: Ensures equity for marginalized genders.When does vocational education start in schools?
a) Grade 1
b) Grade 6
c) Grade 9
d) Grade 12
Answer: b) Grade 6
Explanation: Introduced in the Middle Stage for employability.What replaces MPhil in NEP 2020?
a) 2-year Master’s
b) 4-year UG with research
c) Diploma course
d) Certificate program
Answer: b) 4-year UG with research
Explanation: MPhil is discontinued, replaced by research-focused UG.What is SARTHAQ?
a) A teacher training program
b) School education implementation plan
c) A funding scheme
d) A digital app
Answer: b) School education implementation plan
Explanation: Guides NEP’s school reforms.What is the target year for universal school access?
a) 2025
b) 2030
c) 2035
d) 2040
Answer: b) 2030
Explanation: Aims for 100% access from preschool to secondary.Who conducts common entrance exams for higher education?
a) CBSE
b) National Testing Agency
c) HECI
d) NRF
Answer: b) National Testing Agency
Explanation: NTA standardizes entrance exams.What does the Middle Stage (Grades 6-8) focus on?
a) Foundational literacy
b) Subject-based learning
c) Board exams
d) Research skills
Answer: b) Subject-based learning
Explanation: Introduces subjects with experiential learning.What is the role of NETF in NEP 2020?
a) Fund research
b) Promote technology in education
c) Regulate universities
d) Train teachers
Answer: b) Promote technology in education
Explanation: National Educational Technology Forum enhances tech use.How many new higher education seats are planned by 2035?
a) 1 crore
b) 2 crore
c) 3.5 crore
d) 5 crore
Answer: c) 3.5 crore
Explanation: NEP aims to expand higher education access.What is a key feature of NEP’s board exam reforms?
a) Annual high-stakes exams
b) Competency-based testing
c) Rote memorization focus
d) Single exam format
Answer: b) Competency-based testing
Explanation: Focuses on critical thinking, not memorization.Which program targets foundational literacy by Grade 3?
a) SARTHAQ
b) NIPUN Bharat
c) PARAKH
d) NETF
Answer: b) NIPUN Bharat
Explanation: Launched in 2021 for early proficiency.What does NEP 2020 promote in higher education?
a) Single-stream focus
b) Multidisciplinary education
c) Limited subject choice
d) Rigid curricula
Answer: b) Multidisciplinary education
Explanation: Encourages flexible, broad-based learning.What is the proposed GDP investment for education?
a) 2%
b) 4%
c) 6%
d) 8%
Answer: c) 6%
Explanation: NEP proposes 6% of GDP for education.What does the holistic report card assess?
a) Only academics
b) Cognitive, affective, psychomotor skills
c) Sports only
d) Board exam scores
Answer: b) Cognitive, affective, psychomotor skills
Explanation: Provides a 360-degree evaluation.Which stage includes Grades 9-12?
a) Foundational Stage
b) Preparatory Stage
c) Middle Stage
d) Secondary Stage
Answer: d) Secondary Stage
Explanation: Covers ages 14-18 with flexible subjects.What are Special Education Zones for?
a) Elite schools
b) Disadvantaged regions
c) Urban areas
d) Private institutions
Answer: b) Disadvantaged regions
Explanation: Targets socio-economic equity.What does NEP 2020 emphasize over rote learning?
a) Memorization
b) Critical thinking
c) Exam scores
d) Single-subject focus
Answer: b) Critical thinking
Explanation: Promotes conceptual understanding.Who drafted NEP 2020?
a) NCERT
b) Kasturirangan Committee
c) HECI
d) CBSE
Answer: b) Kasturirangan Committee
Explanation: Draft submitted in 2019.What does ECCE stand for in NEP 2020?
a) Early Childhood Care and Education
b) Educational Curriculum for Excellence
c) Exam and Certification Council
d) Early Career Counseling
Answer: a) Early Childhood Care and Education
Explanation: Targets ages 3-6 for early development.What is discontinued in higher education under NEP 2020?
a) Ph.D. programs
b) MPhil programs
c) Master’s degrees
d) UG degrees
Answer: b) MPhil programs
Explanation: Replaced by 4-year UG with research.What is the purpose of IITI in NEP 2020?
a) Regulate universities
b) Promote translation and interpretation
c) Fund research
d) Conduct exams
Answer: b) Promote translation and interpretation
Explanation: Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation.What type of learning does NEP 2020 promote?
a) Rote-based
b) Experiential
c) Lecture-based
d) Exam-centric
Answer: b) Experiential
Explanation: Includes hands-on and arts-integrated methods.What is the focus of the Secondary Stage?
a) Foundational skills
b) Multidisciplinary learning
c) Literacy only
d) Sports training
Answer: b) Multidisciplinary learning
Explanation: Allows flexible subject choices.Which body sets national standards for teachers?
a) NCTE
b) HECI
c) NRF
d) NAAC
Answer: a) NCTE
Explanation: National Council for Teacher Education sets standards.What is NEP 2020’s target for school education by 2030?
a) 50% enrollment
b) Universal access
c) 100% GER in higher education
d) Eliminate private schools
Answer: b) Universal access
Explanation: Targets 100% access from preschool to secondary.What guides curriculum development in NEP 2020?
a) HECI
b) National Curriculum Framework
c) NRF
d) CBSE
Answer: b) National Curriculum Framework
Explanation: Developed by NCTE for standardized curricula.What is a major challenge in NEP 2020 implementation?
a) Excess funding
b) Digital divide
c) Too many teachers
d) Lack of interest
Answer: b) Digital divide
Explanation: Rural areas face tech access issues.What does NEP 2020 integrate into the curriculum?
a) Only STEM subjects
b) Indian knowledge systems
c) Foreign languages only
d) Competitive exams
Answer: b) Indian knowledge systems
Explanation: Includes Sanskrit, Pali, and cultural values.What is the purpose of multiple entry/exit in higher education?
a) Reduce course duration
b) Offer flexible degree completion
c) Limit subject choices
d) Increase exam frequency
Answer: b) Offer flexible degree completion
Explanation: Offers certificate, diploma, or degree options.What does the 360-degree assessment include?
a) Only academic performance
b) Self, peer, and teacher evaluation
c) Sports skills only
d) Board exam scores
Answer: b) Self, peer, and teacher evaluation
Explanation: Promotes holistic student assessment.Which ministry was renamed under NEP 2020?
a) Ministry of Finance
b) Ministry of HRD
c) Ministry of Health
d) Ministry of Defence
Answer: b) Ministry of HRD
Explanation: Renamed to Ministry of Education.When is coding introduced in the school curriculum?
a) Grade 1
b) Grade 6
c) Grade 9
d) Grade 12
Answer: b) Grade 6
Explanation: Introduced in the Middle Stage.What is a key feature of NEP’s board exams?
a) Annual high-stakes exams
b) Semester-based exams
c) No exams
d) Only oral exams
Answer: b) Semester-based exams
Explanation: Conducted twice yearly to reduce stress.What type of universities does NEP 2020 promote?
a) Single-stream
b) Multidisciplinary
c) Exam-focused
d) Limited-access
Answer: b) Multidisciplinary
Explanation: Promotes broad-based education.What is the National Mission in NEP 2020 focused on?
a) Funding universities
b) Foundational literacy and numeracy
c) Conducting entrance exams
d) Training parents
Answer: b) Foundational literacy and numeracy
Explanation: Targets proficiency by Grade 3.
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